The availability of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (hBMPs), the osteoinductive agents in bone, as an adjunct to surgical procedures involving bone reconstruction, might reduce or avoid the need for complex and demanding surgeries, preventing major costs, and morbidity related to autograft harvesting (Garrison et al., 2007; Lo et al., 2012). Among the 20 members of hBMPs, which belong to TGF beta superfamily, only hBMP-2, -4, -6, -7, -9, and -14 have shown promising osteoinductive properties in different injuries (e.g., long bone fracture non-unions, spinal fusion, and maxillofacial bone defects; Even et al., 2012; Lo et al., 2012; Carreira et al., 2014). hBMP2 and hBMP7 are the most characterized factors and are able to strongly induce osteoblast differentiation in different tissues (Marie et al., 2002). In 2007, an extensive survey on the cost-effectiveness of the use of recombinant hBMPs (rhBMPs) in orthopedy concluded that there is lack of evidence about the clinical effectiveness and that their use would not be cost-effective unless the price is significantly reduced, except for severe cases (Garrison et al., 2007). Over the past 10 years, evidence about the clinical efficacy of rhBMP2 has been provided by sponsored clinical studies (Burks and Nair, 2010; Kim et al., 2015). Based on preliminary clinical results in oral, maxillofacial and orthopedic surgeries, rhBMP2 is as effective as the conventional grafting according to clinical and histomorphometric parameters, and in some cases it may accelerate bone healing (Kelly et al., 2015; Lin et al., 2015; Poon et al., 2016). Moreover, rhBMP2 may decrease morbidity and improve other patient-associated outcomes, with no signs of rejection or infection (Alt et al., 2015; Lin et al., 2015; Poon et al., 2016). On the other hand, while complications and adverse events were rarely reported using rhBMPs for their specific clinical indications, pitfalls have been observed with off-label use of rhBMP2, leading to a number of adverse effects (Poon et al., 2016). Finally, some authors have still expressed concern regarding the actual effectiveness and safety of rhBMPs, highlighting the risk of potential serious complications, as reported by non-sponsored studies (Even et al., 2012).
A previous attempt to produce rhBMP2 in tobacco plants has been made (Suo et al., 2006). The level of accumulation of a recombinant protein in transgenic plants is protein specific and strongly influenced by the subcellular compartment of destination (Vitale and Pedrazzini, 2005); thus, search for the best subcellular compartment for the protein of interest represents a major issue in the effort to maximize production (Vitale and Pedrazzini, 2005; Hofbauer and Stoger, 2013). Several targeting strategies have been developed to improve protein accumulation in plant cells and one of the most promising is to exploit the seed storage protein determinants deputed to the formation of large oligomers that accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum of maize endosperm, resulting in protein body (PB) biogenesis. The 27 kD γ-zein (hereafter zein) is a maize storage protein belonging to the prolamin class and is able to induce PB biogenesis even when expressed in vegetative tissues of transgenic plants (Shewry et al., 1995; Vitale and Ceriotti, 2004). Its N-terminal domain, characterized by eight repeats of the hexapeptide VHLPPP and seven cysteine residues is necessary for retention and deposition into the ER (Geli et al., 1994; Mainieri et al., 2014). The cysteine residues form inter-chain disulphide bonds, leading to assembly into the very large PBs. These polymers are therefore insoluble unless treated with reducing agents (Mainieri et al., 2004, 2014; Pompa and Vitale, 2006). This domain has been used to allow accumulation of recombinant fusion proteins both in transgenic plants and in mammalian cells (Mainieri et al., 2004; Llop-Tous et al., 2011).
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This study aims to classify abstract content based on the use of the highest number of words in an abstract content of the English language journals. This research uses a system of text mining technology that extracts text data to search information from a set of documents. Abstract content of 120 data downloaded at www.computer.org. Data grouping consists of three categories: DM (Data Mining), ITS (Intelligent Transport System) and MM (Multimedia). Systems built using naive bayes algorithms to classify abstract journals and feature selection processes using term weighting to give weight to each word. Dimensional reduction techniques to reduce the dimensions of word counts rarely appear in each document based on dimensional reduction test parameters of 10% -90% of 5.344 words. The performance of the classification system is tested by using the Confusion Matrix based on comparative test data and test data. The results showed that the best classification results were obtained during the 75% training data test and 25% test data from the total data. Accuracy rates for categories of DM, ITS and MM were 100%, 100%, 86%. respectively with dimension reduction parameters of 30% and the value of learning rate between 0.1-0.5.
This study explores the impact of the extensive use of an oral device since infancy (pacifier) on the acquisition of concrete, abstract, and emotional concepts. While recent evidence showed a negative relation between pacifier use and children's emotional competence (Niedenthal et al., 2012), the possible interaction between use of pacifier and processing of emotional and abstract language has not been investigated. According to recent theories, while all concepts are grounded in sensorimotor experience, abstract concepts activate linguistic and social information more than concrete ones. Specifically, the Words As Social Tools (WAT) proposal predicts that the simulation of their meaning leads to an activation of the mouth (Borghi and Binkofski, 2014; Borghi and Zarcone, 2016). Since the pacifier affects facial mimicry forcing mouth muscles into a static position, we hypothesize its possible interference on acquisition/consolidation of abstract emotional and abstract not-emotional concepts, which are mainly conveyed during social and linguistic interactions, than of concrete concepts. Fifty-nine first grade children, with a history of different frequency of pacifier use, provided oral definitions of the meaning of abstract not-emotional, abstract emotional, and concrete words. Main effect of concept type emerged, with higher accuracy in defining concrete and abstract emotional concepts with respect to abstract not-emotional concepts, independently from pacifier use. Accuracy in definitions was not influenced by the use of pacifier, but correspondence and hierarchical clustering analyses suggest that the use of pacifier differently modulates the conceptual relations elicited by abstract emotional and abstract not-emotional. While the majority of the children produced a similar pattern of conceptual relations, analyses on the few (6) children who overused the pacifier (for more than 3 years) showed that they tend to distinguish less clearly between concrete and
Decision making studies typically use tasks that involve concrete action-outcome contingencies, in which subjects do something and get something. No studies have addressed decision making involving abstract reinforcers, where there are no action-outcome contingencies and choices are entirely hypothetical. The present study examines these kinds of choices, as well as whether the same biases that exist for concrete reinforcer decisions, specifically framing effects, also apply during abstract reinforcer decisions. We use both General Linear Model as well as Bayes network connectivity analysis using the Independent Multi-sample Greedy Equivalence Search (IMaGES) algorithm to examine network response underlying choices for abstract reinforcers under positive and negative framing. We find for the first time that abstract reinforcer decisions activate the same network of brain regions as concrete reinforcer decisions, including the striatum, insula, anterior cingulate, and VMPFC, results that are further supported via comparison to a meta-analysis of decision making studies. Positive and negative framing activated different parts of this network, with stronger activation in VMPFC during negative framing and in DLPFC during positive, suggesting different decision making pathways depending on frame. These results were further clarified using connectivity analysis, which revealed stronger connections between anterior cingulate, insula, and accumbens during negative framing compared to positive. Taken together, these results suggest that not only do abstract reinforcer decisions rely on the same brain substrates as concrete reinforcers, but that the response underlying framing effects on abstract reinforcers also resemble those for concrete reinforcers, specifically increased limbic system connectivity during negative frames. Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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