A traditional die is a cube with each of its six faces marked with a different number of dots (pips) from one to six. When thrown or rolled, the die comes to rest showing a random integer from one to six on its upper surface, with each value being equally likely. Dice may also have polyhedral or irregular shapes, may have faces marked with numerals or symbols instead of pips and may have their numbers carved out from the material of the dice instead of marked on it. Loaded dice are designed to favor some results over others for cheating or entertainment.
Non-precision dice are manufactured via the plastic injection molding process, often made of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). The pips or numbers on the die are a part of the mold. Different pigments can be added to the dice to make them opaque or transparent, or multiple pigments may be added to make the dice speckled or marbled.[19]
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Precision casino dice may have a polished or sand finish, making them transparent or translucent respectively. Casino dice have their pips drilled, then filled flush with a paint of the same density as the material used for the dice, such that the center of gravity of the dice is as close to the geometric center as possible. This mitigates concerns that the pips will cause a small bias.[20] All such dice are stamped with a serial number to prevent potential cheaters from substituting a die. Precision backgammon dice are made the same way; they tend to be slightly smaller and have rounded corners and edges, to allow better movement inside the dice cup and stop forceful rolls from damaging the playing surface.
While the terms ace, deuce, trey, cater, cinque and sice are generally obsolete, with the names of the numbers preferred, they are still used by some professional gamblers to designate different sides of the dice. Ace is from the Latin as, meaning "a unit";[22] the others are 2 to 6 in Old French.[23]
Dice are often sold in sets, matching in color, of six different shapes. Five of the dice are shaped like the Platonic solids, whose faces are regular polygons. Aside from the cube, the other four Platonic solids have 4, 8, 12, and 20 faces, allowing for those number ranges to be generated. The only other common non-cubical die is the 10-sided die, a pentagonal trapezohedron die, whose faces are ten kites, each with two different edge lengths, three different angles, and two different kinds of vertices. Such sets frequently include a second 10-sided die either of contrasting color or numbered by tens, allowing the pair of 10-sided dice to be combined to generate numbers between 1 and 100.
Unlike other common dice, a four-sided (tetrahedral) die does not have a side that faces upward when it is at rest on a surface, so it must be read in a different way. On some four-sided dice, each face features multiple numbers, with the same number printed near each vertex on all sides. In this case, the number around the vertex pointing up is used. Alternatively, the numbers on a tetrahedral die can be placed at the middles of the edges, in which case the numbers around the base are used.
Long dice and teetotums can in principle be made with any number of faces, including odd numbers.[30] Long dice are based on the infinite set of prisms. All the rectangular faces are mutually face-transitive, so they are equally probable. The two ends of the prism may be rounded or capped with a pyramid, designed so that the die cannot rest on those faces. 4-sided long dice are easier to roll than tetrahedra, and are used in the traditional board games dayakattai and daldøs.
The faces of most dice are labelled using sequences of whole numbers, usually starting at one, expressed with either pips or digits. However, there are some applications that require results other than numbers. Examples include letters for Boggle, directions for Warhammer Fantasy Battle, Fudge dice, playing card symbols for poker dice, and instructions for sexual acts using sex dice.
Dice may have numbers that do not form a counting sequence starting at one. One variation on the standard die is known as the "average" die.[33][34] These are six-sided dice with sides numbered 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, which have the same arithmetic mean as a standard die (3.5 for a single die, 7 for a pair of dice), but have a narrower range of possible values (2 through 5 for one, 4 through 10 for a pair). They are used in some table-top wargames, where a narrower range of numbers is required.[34] Other numbered variations include Sicherman dice and intransitive dice.
A die can be constructed in the shape of a sphere, with the addition of an internal cavity in the shape of the dual polyhedron of the desired die shape and an internal weight. The weight will settle in one of the points of the internal cavity, causing it to settle with one of the numbers uppermost. For instance, a sphere with an octahedral cavity and a small internal weight will settle with one of the 6 points of the cavity held downwards by the weight.
Many board games use dice to randomize how far pieces move or to settle conflicts. Typically, this has meant that rolling higher numbers is better. Some games, such as Axis & Allies, have inverted this system by making the lower values more potent. In the modern age,[when?] a few games and game designers have approached dice in a different way by making each side of the die similarly valuable. In Castles of Burgundy, players spend their dice to take actions based on the die's value. In this game, a six is not better than a one, or vice versa. In Quarriors (and its descendant, Dicemasters), different sides of the dice can offer completely different abilities. Several sides often give resources while others grant the player useful actions.[35]
Dice can be used to generate random numbers for use in passwords and cryptography applications. The Electronic Frontier Foundation describes a method by which dice can be used to generate passphrases.[37] Diceware is a method recommended for generating secure but memorable passphrases, by repeatedly rolling five dice and picking the corresponding word from a pre-generated list.[38]
Hello Michael,Most bottles with only numbers on the bottom (but with no other identifying marks) are hard to identify as to maker. Please check out my page on Numbers seen on the bottoms of glass bottles.Take care,David
I found a bottle that is a small, screw top, amber color bottle. It is rectangle shape and has a few numbers on the bottom.It has bubbles in the glass (I dont know if that means anything)The numbers are 27-S-B and in the upper right it says a 4 and upper left is a 1.Please let me know if you find out anything. (Love your website btw, Very helpful!)
Hi I have a bottle that I can not find any information on and was hoping you could help it is marked pitecorsky & kraftzoff AA in the center Philada with the numbers 678 on the bottom any information will be helpful
Hello David, My husband and I were digging around in the woods behing our house and came across a very interesting Bottle, I woild like to email you some pictures of it. I have never seen anything like it, the most interesting part is what is written on the side of the clear glass long necked bottle. It saysFederal Law Forbids Sale or re-use of this Bottle. On the bottom is some numbers on the top row is 69-44, the middle has D-9 the bottom row is 34. On the side of the bottom of the bottle it says 4/5 Quart. Have you ever come across a bottle as described?
The NCT is designed from circles that include the numbers from 1 to 13 and the letters from A to L. The subjects are asked to connect numbers and letters in alternating manner, that means go from 1-A-2-B-3-C and so on. Test result is the time needed including error correction time.
The DST - the subject is given a series of double boxes with a number given in the upper part. The task is to draw a symbol pertinent to this number into the lower part of the boxes. Nine fixed pairs of numbers and symbols are given at the top of the test sheet. Test result is the number of boxes correctly filled within 90 seconds. Pathological test results indicate a deficit in visuo-constructive abilities.
I have a Paymaster Series X-550 it has a few different patent numbers and is in excellent condition with the cover that goes over it. Is this something that I should hold on to and keep in my family? Is this a collectors item or are their many of these that were made? Where can I buy the ink and ribbon for it as well. Thank you for any information that someone can give me. SHALENA S
Some disarming instructions will require specific information about the bomb, such as the serial number. This type of information can typically be found on the top, bottom, or sides of the bomb casing. See the appendices, most notably A, B and C, for instructions that will be useful in disarming certain modules.
A prime number is a counting number (positive whole number) that can only be divided by 1 and itself. In other words, there is no way to share a prime number of donuts equally among any number of friends (unless you have as many friends as donuts!). Prime numbers below 100 are:
A highly composite number (HCN) has more divisors than any smaller positive integer. For example, 6 can be divided by 1, 2, 3, and 6, which is more than the last HCN, 4, which has 1, 2, and 4. 8 can be divided by 1, 2, 4, and 8, but a smaller number (6) has an equal number of divisors, so it is not a HCN. Highly composite numbers below 100 are: 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60
The Fibonacci numbers form a sequence, such that each number is the sum of the previous two numbers, starting with 0 and 1. The fibonacci sequence is: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, ...
A binary number is a numbed expressed in the base-2 numeral system. In other words, instead of the numbers 0-9, only the numbers 0-1 are used. The binary forms of the decimal numbers up to 10 are: 2ff7e9595c
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